Physics - Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous range of wavelengths. The types of radiation that occur in different parts of the spectrum have different uses and dangers - depending on their wavelength and frequency.

Refraction from a prism

The order of electromagnetic waves in the spectrum is shown in the table.

Energy	Frequency	Wavelength	Radiation type	Typical use
Lowest	Lowest	Longest	Radio waves	Television signals
			Microwaves	Cooking, mobile phones
			Infrared	Optical fibre communication
			Visible light	Seeing
			Ultraviolet	Detecting forged bank notes
			X-rays	Medical images of bones
Highest	Highest	Shortest	Gamma radiation	Killing cancer cells

Radio waves have the lowest frequencies and longest wavelengths, while gamma waves have the highest frequencies and shortest wavelengths.

All of these waves travel at the same speed in free space, which is the speed of light or about 300,000,000 m/s (metres per second).

Physics - Electricity and Wiring

Electrical hazards

Electricity is a useful form of energy but it can also be very dangerous. There are lots of ways in which we can be electrocuted including:

• touching frayed electrical cables 
• long or overheating cables
• damaged or incorrectly wired plugs
• allowing water or wet objects to enter plug sockets or touch frayed cables
• pushing metal objects into plug sockets

The plug

The cable

A mains electricity cable contains two or three inner wires. Each has a core of copper, because copper is a good conductor of electricity. The outer layers are flexible plastic, because plastic is a good electrical insulator. The inner wires are colour coded and have different functions:

Colour	Wire	Function
Brown	Live	Is held at a voltage of 230 V and provides the current
Blue	Neutral	Completes the circuit
Green and yellow stripes	Earth	A safety wire to stop the appliance becoming live

An earthed conductor cannot become live.

The wires

In a plug, the blue neutral wire goes to the left, the brown live wire to the right and the green and yellow striped earth wire to the top. The fuse fits next to the live wire.

The diagram shows the key features of a three-pin mains plug:

Where does each wire go?

There is an easy way to remember where to connect each wire. Take the second letters of the words blue, brown and striped. This reminds you that when you look into a plug from above:

• blue goes left
• brown goes right
• striped goes to the top

(All information courtesy of BBC Bitesize)

Physics - Speed, Velocity, Acceleration

Average speed

When an object moves in a straight line at a steady speed, you can calculate its average speed if you know how far it travels and how long it takes. The following equation shows the relationship between average speed, distance moved and time taken:

where:

average speed is measured in metres per second, m/s

distance moved is measured in metres, m

time taken is measured in seconds, s

For example, a car travels 300 m in 20 s. Its average speed is:

300 ÷ 20 = 15 m/s

(Notes are courtesy of BBC Bitesize)

Latin - avunculus meus - A Day in the Life of Pliny The Elder (Taken from Cambridge Latin Anthology)

Latin - Pliny Set Text

1) 'avunculus meus' - A Day in the Life of Pliny The Elder

Before dawn, he used to go to the Emperor of Vespasian (for that man used to make use of the nights), then he went to the official duty signed to himself.

Having returned home, he gave the remaining time to study.

Often after food, (which, as per the cut of his forefathers, was light and simple during the day), in Summer, if there was any measure, he used to lie in the sun, a book was being read, of which he made notes and took down extracts; he was even accustomed to say that there was no book so bad that it was of no use in any part.

After his sun, he was usually bathed in cold water, then he used to have a snack and sleep a little; soon, as if on another day, he used to study till dinner time.

Over dinner, a book was being read, and, indeed, he was making notes rapidly.

He did these things amid the middle of his public duties and the bustle of the city.

Away from the city, the only time taken away from his studies was for bathing.

When I say 'the baths', I'm speaking of the inner-rooms. For while he was being rubbed down and dried, he used to listen to something or was dictating. On a journey as if released from the rest of his concerns, he used to make time for this 1 care.

A secretary was at his side with a book and writing tablets, the hands of whom were being protected in Winder with long sleeves, so that not even indeed the harshness of the weather would take any time away from study.

For this reason also, he was carried by a Sedam chair at Rome.

I remember that I was scolded by him because I used to walk: 'You would be able', he said, 'not to waste these hours'; for he used to think that all time was wasted that was not spent in study.

Goodbye.

Notes:

• This piece is a letter written by Pliny the Elder's nephew (Pliny the Younger) to Baebius Macer
• LINE 1: Vespasian ruled as emperor from 69-79AD
• 2-3: officium...delegatum: this was the prefecture of the fleet at Misenum
• 3: P. the E. had a house at Misenum, but spent most of his time administering the fleet from Rome.
• 4: cibum - this is a light breakfast
• 5-6: liber legebatur - books would be read by an educated slave; the notes + extracts would be made by another slave
• 7: exceperet - such note taking from the words of other writers was quite normal at this time
• 9: gustabat - the gustation was usually taken before bathing, but Pliny was in the habit of bathing first
• 10: dormiebat: the midday siesta was taken about the 7th hour, after sunrise
• 10: alio die - this is evidence that the standard working day for men of Pliny's class was over by Midday
• 13: medio labores/fremitum urbis - Pliny's dedication to study is even more remarkable given how busy he is with official duty, and how distracting life in Rome is
• 14: The bracketed section further adds to Pliny's picture of his uncle's devotion to study
• 15: interioribus: inner chambers, where the washing itself took place
• 18: hieme: even the winder does not stop Pliny from studying!
• 20: sella - a Sedam chair: wheeled carriages were banned from the streets of Rome during the day
• 21-22: the use of a quotation (direct speech) from his uncle enlivens the text

Physics - Astronomy

Physics - Astronomy

Definitions:

Star: Massive, luminous ball of plasma; held together by gravity; shining due to thermonuclear fusion. (EG: the Sun)

Planet: A body large enough to be rounded by its own gravitational pull and held in orbit by the gravitational attraction between the planet and its star. (EG: Jupiter)

Moon: A natural satellite of a planet; held by the gravitational attraction between the Moon and its planet. (EG: Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons)

Asteroid: Lumps of rock from several metres up to a 100km. (EG: The asteroid belt between Mars & Jupiter)

Comet: Has a nucleus of ice/dust/rock; from a few hundred metres up to tens of km; usually have an elliptical orbit, with the Sun not at its centre. (EG: Halley's comet)

Meteoroid: From sand to boulder sized debris; meteor = shooting star (EG: The Perseid shower); meteorite = solid matter that lands (EG: Hoba, the largest known meteorite)

• The Solar System is around 4.6 billion years old
• We know this through radiodating, using the half life of uranium
• An accretion disc is a spinning cloud flattened into a disc
• An accretion disc contains H, He (+water, ice, methane, ammonia, and rocky material)
• Accretion discs grew via collisions with other fragments
• Jupiter and Saturn were the first planets formed

Divinity - Crash Course To Exam Technique

Divinity - Crash Course To Exam Technique

There are 3 main approaches to ethical decisions: Conservative Protestant Christians, Liberal Protestant Christians, and Roman Catholic Christians

Conservative Protestant Christians make moral decisions based mainly on the teachings of the Bible. So, if you were to include a Cons. Prot. Christians point of view in your answer, then make sure to quote the Bible.

Liberal Protestant Christians follow agape (the most loving thing to do), the situation (the conditions which surround the matter), the 'lesser of two evils' argument, conscience, and the Bible. Quoting the Bible is certainly one good way to support a Liberal point of view, but be sure to use agape in your answer, too.

Roman Catholics make their moral decisions based on the Bible, teachings of the church, and Natural Law. Anything which is not natural contradicts Catholic beliefs, and therefore, Natural Law is worth putting in your answer. 

Mark Scheme

Follow PEA. Make your point, support it with evidence (either from the Bible, Agape, Natural Law, or any other teachings which seem appropriate) and explain and analyse it, so the marker can understand what you are trying to write about.

The following mark scheme is used when marking 6 mark questions:

1 MARK: An opinion supported by a simple reason/little evidence

2 MARKS: An opinion supported by two simple reasons

3 MARKS: An opinion supported by several simple reasons, or one developed reason

4 MARKS: An opinion supported by reasons backed up by the Bible, or religions ideas

5 MARKS: Two different points of view considered, with backed up ideas supported by religion

6 MARKS: Two different points of view considered, with a  well constructed response and many well developed religious ideas

English Prose (Seen Passages)

Notes:

http://mrhoyesgcsewebsite.com

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Ayatollah Khomeini

• As Khomeini came to power, Western Influence = weakened
• Students/Young ppl: anti-foreign influence and Western interference
• 1979: 3 students take control of US Embassy. Hours later, mass protest appeared outside embassy
• This was because the Shah had been sent to US for medical treatment of cancer. The Iranians wanted to put the Shah on trial
• Thus, anti-US interference + no Shah trial = Students overthrew US embassy
• 3 months after Embassy take over: US enforced sanctions: assets had been frozen (couldn’t upgrade weaponry and machinery) and imposed Oil Sanctions (loss of income and revenue)
• Shah left US in Dec 1979 (eventually sought asylum in Egypt), but Khomeini refused to release hostages
• 24 April 1980: Operation Eagle Claw
• US flew 8 helicopters out to Tehran to try to recapture the hostages
• The helicopters flew low to avoid radar, but flew into a sandstorm. 
• 2 helicopters developed faults in the air, so the whole fleet of copters decided to land  at the desert check point.
• When they landed, a third helicopter had been damaged; they decided to fly home
• When they were flying back a helicopter collided with a refuelling aircraft and the helicopter was destroyed and lives were lost (8)
• September 1980 Iraq invaded Iran
• Iraq thought that the US had been behind the invasion
• The UN called for a ceasefire, but did NOT demand Iraq to withdraw - UN = US puppet?
• January 1981, a total of 444 days of captivity
• A few seconds after Jimmy Carter had lost presidency, and Ronald Reagan had become president, it was announced that the captives had been released
• This = worry: Reagan would have been a lot harder to negotiate with if the negotiations spilled into his time in office
• Perhaps Khomeini = trying to get rid of Carter as president?

Iranian Revolution 1979

Iran Revoultion 1979

• Shah of Israel started rein in 1941
• Muhammad Reza controlled the army & ruled as king for 10yrs, until crisis 1951
• PM Mohammad Massadeq nationalised Iran’s oil. British = upset (GB controlled oil through ‘Anglo-Iranian Oil Company’
• Massadeq = popular amongst Iranian ppl, bc he was pro-Iran Independence, and anti-foreign interference
• Therefore, Shah regarded Massadeq as a threat, so in August 1953, Shah overthrew Massadeq w/CIA & MI6
• This coup (^^^) = not pop. This meant that the Shah’s rule linked w/USA and GB (GB&USA prime interest = safe oil supplies)
• Shah’s link w/USA became more apparent: Shah imported: USA food, farm animals (undercut Iran’s farmers), and USA styled shops (damaged revenue for local merchants)
• Reza continued Iran’s plan to modernise (which started in 1920) - Reza launched White Revolution in 1963
• Reformation of: land, industrial expansion, health and education
• Land redistribution = backfired: the peasants only held enough land to feed their families, thus no extra £, so were no better off
• Most villages lacked water, electricity, roads and other infrastructure
• Numbers of doctors, nurses, hospital beds; but late1970’s, Iran had worst Infant Mortality, & patient-doctor ratio
• late1970’s distribution of income = most unequal in 20yrs: top 10% = 37.9% of Iran’s wealth; bottom 10% = 1.3% of Iran’s wealth
• Oil revenues increased from $34m -> $20bn by 1975, and paid for Army, Air Force and Navy
• After 1953 Shah made his cabinet and parl. up of supporters
• PM’s and ministers = favourites of the Shah (most = Western educated and supported Shah’ foreign interference regime)
• March 1975: Shah established one-party state; ‘Resurgence Party’ = existence
• Shah produced a new imperial calendar, which went against and supplanted Muslim calendar. Was introduced overnight. This = wage of war against Muslim pop.
• Any oppo to the Shah was discovered by secret police ‘SAVAK’, which was supported by FBI. SAVAK = known for brutal torture etc.

Physics Equation Sheet (E Mich, Lent, Sum)

Physics - Equation Sheet

ρ = (m/V) - density = mass / volume

p = (F/A) - pressure = force / area

Δp = ρgΔh - pressure difference = density x gravitational field strength x height difference

P = (W/t) - power = angry transferred / time taken

P = V x I - electrical power = voltage x current

E = V x I x t - electrical energy transferred = voltage x current x time 

M = F x d - moment = force x perpendicular distance to pivot

v = (2πr / T) - orbital speed = (2π x orbital speed) / time period

Q = I x t - charge = current x time

V = (E/Q) - Voltage = energy / charge

E = I x t x V - give on data sheet in exams

V = I x R - voltage = current x resistance

v = (s/t) - velocity = displacement / time

Poetry Anthology - Cape Town Morning

Poetry Anthology - Cape Town Morning

Text:

Winter has passed. The wind is back.                       - seasons are clearing+moving: -> change

Window panes rattle old rust,                                   - spring = regeneration/rebirth

summer rising.

Street children sleep, shaven mummies in sacks,   - poverty+street children -> malnourished

eyelids weighted by the dreams of coins,               - mummies = death*

beneath them treasure of small knives.                   - desire to be rich

Flower sellers add fresh blossoms                          - adding new life in dead/sour buckets**

to yesterday's blooms, sour buckets                             - this creates juxtaposition & contrast: life/death

filled and spilling.

And trucks digest the city's sediment                    - enjambment

men gloved and silent                                           - ambiguous: men helping? or sinister?***

in the municipal jaws.

Notes:

Title: 'morning' = pun: 'mourning' -> sorrow for Cape Town?

Themes: apartheid, poverty, deterioration of Cape Town

Freeform = economic state of Cape Town

Winter = death; Spring = life. --> as Spring rises, the city gets rid of old death. (Rubbish, flowers, sediment, poor people)

*mummies = death. This contrasts with the youth of the children

** 'fresh blossoms' = hope, but it has been ruined by...

***... the city. The city = a great beast, which consumes all life it withholds.

Poetry Anthology - City Blues

Poetry Anthology - City Blues

Text (NB: the bits in brackets represents the pairings of words in the original poem):

Sunday dawn in a November city

the bully (light)(sun) wades in

set glass aflame

(slams)(puts) (dark)(hard) shadows on anything

not big enough to take it.

The wind (strips)(unzips) trees

makes them tittle-tattle

harsh small talk

(puts)(drives) their leaves into a lurch

somewhere.

A sheet of paper

(followed)(chased) by a coke can

takes ridiculously to the air

(floats)(flaps) into the sunlight

is a (swan)(bird)

tumbles

knows its place

as the less fortunate should.

In the (shadow)(shade)

this (minuscule)(small) steeple

somes to the point

which is more than can be said

for the big-time (corporations)(companies)

and their (skyscrapers)(sky-spoilers)

(napalmed)(lit up) by that

lousy sun.

Notes:

Title: City Blues: urban landscape; 'blue' - melancholic, depressed, sad; 'Blues' - music? 'City' - depressed city, going through recession?

Themes: Conflict: between nature and (the lack of) humans? Between rich and poor?

Structure/Form: free verse; poet gives reader choice: you can choose a synonym or antonym. Good/Bad word in each pair

There is a clear juxtaposition between poverty (here, being the coke can and paper) with the rich (big, commercial buildings).

There is contrast between the weather (wind, sun) and man made things, such as the coke can, paper, big buildings

The reader is allowed to choose his own path, like he would do in life, by given a choice of words to choose. Usually, one word is significantly more powerful and destructive than the other. This perhaps indicates that the author's message is trying to tell us that you have to act powerfully and destructively in the city in order to succeed. If you don't force your way into the city, then you splutter and grind to a halt, much like the coke can and paper.

There are four sections (as represented by the four chunks of text written above):

1) Sunrise

2) The Wind, Trees

3) The Wind, Litter

4) Church, Sky Scrapers

Section 1 - Sunrise:

Streets are deserted

Religious day ('Sunday Dawn')

The sunlight is being personified

Section 2 - The Wind, Trees:

Wind is destructive: 'strips', 'drives', 'lurch'

Section 3 - The Wind, Litter:

Rubbish = symbolic of people

        paper -> elegant/transformed 'bird/swan'

'tumbles / knows its place' -> failure + representing dreams/hopes

Section 4 - Church, Sky Scrapers:

Sun: 'napalmed', 'lousy', 'bully', 'sets glad aflame' --> Sun = bully

Poetry Anthology - City Jungle

GCSE Poetry Anthology - City Jungle

Text:

Rain splinters town.                                       - 'splinters' = metaphor: town = ripped apart

Lizard cars cruise by;
Their radiators grin.

Thin headlights stare -                                  - sibilance - snake-like, hostile, threatening, sinister
shop doorways keep their mouths shut.    -'mouths shut' - is there a terrible secret which can't be said?

At the roadside                                             - town = sick, run down, flat.
Hunched houses cough.                            

Newspapers shuffle by,                   - personification: substitute for humans; humans = not safe outside
hands in their pockets.                  -'shuffle' = passive + cautious. newspapers = subject to propaganda?
The gutter gargles.

A motorbike snarls;                                       - More personification
Dustbins flinch.

Streetlights bare
Their yellow teeth.                       - 'bare their yellow teeth' = aggressive, predatory
The motorway's
cat-black tongue
lashes across                                - sibilance + assonance
the glistening back                      - colour has lost vibrance and is decaying, like city
of the tarmac night.

Notes:

Title: 'Jungle' represents lawless/anarchic/claustrophobic area

Themes: Dystopian world; plenty of hostility and aggression; Predators (vehicles) Vs Prey (Houses and other objects)

Appearance: The flow is disjointed, making it awkward to read -> symbolises struggle and discomfort

This poem represents an apartheid: vehicles Vs houses, and other inanimate objects

There is a lack of humans, which suggests that the surroundings are far too hostile for anyone to be caught outside